Hello, guys! Welcome to Your English Manual!
This is the first chapter of our "Common Mistakes" series.
In this series, we'll talk about the mistakes that English students often make.
And, since this is the first chapter of our series,
we decided to talk about something that will be the basis...
...for many other topics to come,
the difference between a subject and an object of a sentence.
"Oh, but why do I need to know that?"
"I never liked that at school!"
Okay, maybe your first impression wasn't the best...
...but you'll see that it's actually pretty simple.
And, to understand a language,
you need to understand the concept of subject and object...
...because this is part of its basic structure.
And, believe me, this will help a lot...
...to understand a little more complicated things in the future.
Here, on this channel, we'll always try to give you an excellent base...
...to understand things without any problems later on, okay?
Shall we?
Let's start with the subject.
The subject is the one who performs an action.
And, if we are talking about an action,
we are talking about a verb.
So, if you want to identify the subject of a sentence,
first you have to identify the verb.
For example, "Mary has books."
What's the verb in this sentence?
"To have".
Now, we have to ask:
"Who is performing the action that the verb is indicating?".
In this case, we can ask:
"Who is performing the action of having?"...
...or "Who has?".
And the answer is..."Mary".
Therefore, "Mary" is the subject of the verb "to have" in this sentence.
Let's see some more examples to understand better.
"The dogs ate the food."
1st step: what's the verb?
"To eat".
2nd step: "Who performs the action of eating?"...
...or "Who ate?".
The answer: "The dogs".
So, "The dogs" is the subject of the verb "to eat" in this sentence.
Another one.
"My parents want pizza."
1st step: what's the verb?
"To want".
2nd step: "Who is performing the action of wanting?"...
...or "Who wants?".
Answer: "My parents".
So, "My parents" is the subject of the verb "to want" in this sentence.
As you can see in the examples,
it is very common for the subject to come before the verb in a sentence.
Because that's how English, Portuguese and many other languages are structured.
Yeah, but does it have to be like this?
No.
You can change the order if you want.
But it's not so common and it might sound a little weird.
So, a tip is:
usually the subject comes before the verb.
Now that we already know what a subject is,
we only need to know what an object is.
But, in English, there are two types of objects:
the direct object and the indirect object.
But don't worry, it's simpler than it sounds.
Let's start with the easiest of all:
the direct object.
Do you remember that the subject is usually the one who performs an action?
Well, the direct object is usually the one who suffers or receives the action.
Another way to look at it is to simply look at the verb and ask:
"What?" or "Who?" to it.
And the answer will be the direct object.
Let's see the first example we gave: "Mary has books."
1st step: what's the verb?
"To have".
2nd step: "Who is performing the action of having?"...
...or "Who has?".
And the answer is..."Mary".
So, "Mary" is the subject of this sentence.
Now, the last and 3rd step.
We can ask: "Who suffers the action?"...
...or "What does Mary have?".
And the answer is..."books".
So, "books" is the direct object of the verb "to have" in this sentence.
Another example.
"The dogs ate the food."
We already know that the verb is "to eat" and the subject is "the dogs".
Now, the 3rd step:
"Who suffered the action of being eaten?"...
...or "What did the dogs eat?".
The answer: "the food".
Therefore, "the food" is the direct object of the verb "to eat" in this sentence.
One more example.
"My parents want pizza."
We already know that the verb is "to want" and the subject is "my parents".
Now, the 3rd step:
"Who suffered the action of being wanted?"...
...or "What do my parents want?".
And the answer is..."pizza".
So, "pizza" is the direct object of the verb "to want" in this sentence.
As you can see in the examples,
it is very common for the direct object to come after the verb.
For the same reason as the subject:
that's how English, Portuguese and many other languages are structured.
But it doesn't have to be necessarily like that.
You can change the order, if you want.
But it's not so common, it might sound a little weird.
So, one tip is:
usually, the direct object comes after the verb.
So far, so good?
Let's continue.
In English, sometimes...
...some verbs affect indirectly another person or thing.
In other words, someone ends up receiving something.
Let's see an example.
If I say "Mary gives her sister books."...
Let's go.
1st step: what is the verb?
"To give".
2nd step: "Who is performing the action of giving?"...
...or "Who gives?".
Answer: "Mary".
So, "Mary" is the subject of this sentence.
3rd step: "Who suffered the action of being given?"...
...or "Mary give what?".
Answer: "books".
So, "books" is the direct object of this sentence.
But then we have another thing, right?
The books suffered the action of being given...
...but Mary's sister was indirectly affected by this action, wasn't she?
After all, she received the books.
Now, we have our 4th step:
"Who was indirectly affected by the action of giving the books?"...
...or "Mary gave the books to whom?".
The answer is our indirect object,
which, in this case, is "her sister".
The indirect object is the one that receives the direct object from someone.
So, there is no indirect object without a direct object.
Since you can't receive something that doesn't exist, right?
Besides, the indirect object will always come before the direct object.
Another tip we can give...
...is that the indirect object is the one that answers the questions...
"To whom?", "For whom?", "To what?" or "For what?".
That's why, in the example of Mary,
we asked "Mary gave the books to whom?".
The indirect objects are not so common in English.
The direct ones are much more common.
But, anyways, it always helps to remember to ask the questions:
"Who does?", that is the subject.
Plus "Action", which is the verb.
Plus "Does what?", that is the direct object.
Plus "Does to/for whom or what?", that is the indirect object.
Do you guys want to see some examples?
Let's analyze the sentence "I send her an e-mail."
1st step: what is the verb?
"To send".
2nd step: "Who performs the action of sending?"...
...or "Who sends?".
Answer: "I".
So, "I" is the subject of the verb "to send" in this sentence.
3rd step: "Who suffered the action of being sent?"...
...or "I send what?".
Answer: "an e-mail".
So, "an e-mail" is the direct object of the verb "to send".
4th step: "I send an e-mail to whom?".
Answer: "her".
So, "her" is the indirect object of the verb "to send" in this sentence.
Another example.
"She tells me the stories."
1st step: what's the verb?
"To tell".
2nd step: "Who performs the action of telling?"...
...or "Who tells?".
Answer: "she".
So, "she" is the subject of the verb "to tell" in this sentence.
3rd step: "Who suffered the action of being told?"...
...or "What did she tell?".
Answer: "the stories".
So, "the stories" is the direct object of the verb "to tell".
4th step: "She tells the stories to whom?".
Answer: "me".
So, "me" is the indirect object or the verb "to tell" in this sentence.
Before we continue, there is a detail we must talk about.
Do you guys remember the rule we just showed you?
"Who does?", that is the subject.
Plus "Action", that is the verb.
Plus "Does what?", that is the direct object.
Plus "Does to or for whom or what?", that is the indirect object.
Do you remember that the indirect object comes before the direct object?
Well, sometimes we can swap the position of the direct object with the indirect object.
Let's remember the example we said.
"Mary gives her sister books."
It's possible to swap the objects.
However, in this case, it would be...
"Mary gives books to her sister."
You may continue translating to Portuguese the same way, if you want.
But you must understand that, in this case,
the preposition "to" appears.
That is a very important detail.
It appears because the verb "to give" needs this preposition in this sentence.
But what we want to say...
...is that now "her sister" is no longer grammatically considered an indirect object.
It is now considered just the object of the preposition "to".
But that is just a name, because it works the same way as the indirect object.
So much so that we can ask the same questions to find out what it is:
"Mary gives books to whom?".
Answer: "her sister".
So, remember...
We can write this sentence two ways:
"Mary gives her sister books." - here, "her sister" is the indirect object...
...or "Mary gives books to her sister." - here, "her sister" is the object of the preposition "to".
But their meaning is still the same, okay?
Let's see some other examples to make sure.
Let's analyze the sentence "She told me the truth."
1st step: the verb is..."to tell".
2nd step: the one who told is..."she".
So, "she" is the subject.
3rd step: she told..."the truth".
So, "the truth" is the direct object.
4th step: "She told the truth to whom?" is..."me".
So, "me" is the indirect object.
Now, let's change the order, okay?
Now, see again that the preposition "to" appears.
It appears because the verb "to tell" requires it, in this case.
It's the same thing:
"She told me the truth." - "me" is the indirect object...
...or "She told the truth to me." - "me" is the object of the preposition "to".
Another example.
"I buy my son books."
1st step: the verb is "to buy".
2nd step: the one who buys is "I".
So, "I" is the subject.
3rd step: I buy "books".
So, "books" is the direct object.
4th step: "For whom do I buy books?" is "my son".
So, "my son" is the indirect object.
Now, let's change.
"I buy books for my son."
In this case, the preposition "for" appears...
...because the verb "to buy" needs this preposition.
The preposition may be different...
but the result is still the same.
"I buy my son books." - "my son" is the indirect object.
Or "I buy books for my son." - "my son" is the object of the preposition "for".
Usually, when you change the order,
you will put either the preposition "to" or the preposition "for".
They are the most common ones.
However, there is only one more detail you need to know.
When the direct object is an object pronoun,
you will necessarily have to make this inversion, okay?
For example...
We can say both "I buy my son books." and "I buy books for my son."...
...since the direct object "books" is not a pronoun.
But, if we substitute "books" for the object pronoun "them",
the only possible way to say this is changing the order.
Therefore, we could only say "I buy them for my son."
We could not say "I buy my son them."
It even sounds weird.
We'll explain about object pronouns in another video, okay?
To finish, let's give the answer to today's challenge.
Who is the subject of this sentence "Here you are."?
Well, even though "here" is before the verb,
it is not the one who is performing the action of being, right?
Who is doing that is "you".
Therefore, you just need to ask the verb "Who is here?".
And then you will know the answer.
"You" is the subject of this sentence.
So, that's it, guys!
We really hope you liked the video and learned a lot!
To make sure you understand well, we recommend you practice not to make any mistake.
To help, we put a list of exercises in the description of this video.
If you liked, please leave a "like" and share this video, okay?
You can help us help more people to learn it, okay?
See you next video!
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