I'm Jake and let me show you a picture of something.
That is the tardigrade also known as the water bear also known as the toughest animal on
Earth.
It's not big.
It's between .3 and .5 millimeters, about 20 to 30 percent the thickness of a penny.
So tiny.
Pretty small but don't be fooled.
They can survive immense amounts of radiation due to a protein they have called Dsup that prevents
x-ray damage better than our DNA can.
In fact they are one of the few animals on Earth thought to be able to survive a nuclear
bomb and that's what this episode is all about. If we could survive a nuclear blast so
Get ready for some nuclear DONGs, things you can do online now guys.
You may be familiar with Nukemap, a site that allows you to simulate the destruction caused
by a nuclear bomb in a given area.
Well Outrider.org has created a version of this site that allows you to simulate the
scope of damage in a much more visual way.
Type in a zip code or address and you can choose between four different types of
bombs ranging in size.
The lowest-energy one is the 15 Kiloton Little Boy used in Hiroshima during World War II
in 1945.
It was the first atomic bomb ever used in war.
You can see that its damage would be pretty far-reaching if dropped here in Los Angeles.
The fireball spreads .07 square miles, the shockwave is 1.55 square miles. Radiation is 2.18 and
heat is 3.44 square miles.
And that's just the results of a surface blast or a ground burst.
Now let's look at the results from an airburst which the Little Boy was.
Not only have the fatalities more than doubled but the injuries have almost tripled.
And the effects of the shockwave and heat are much larger.
So while surface bursts produce more radiation and larger fireballs, air bursts produce more
heat and a larger shockwave.
So why was Little Boy detonated around 2,000 feet above Hiroshima?
Well, because bigger shockwaves can destroy a larger area in a shorter amount of time.
And it's made possible because of something called the mach stem.
First there is a shockwave from the explosion and then a second shockwave when the first
one bounces off Earth's surface.
The two combine to create a more powerful wave, the Mach Stem.
Surface burst bombs don't have this effect and also tend to shorten the reach of shockwaves
due to buildings and other structures getting in the way. In a sense, dampening it.
But the fallout from surface blasts or a ground burst is much larger.
I mean it detonates directly on the ground so it ejects all this debris like dirt and dust and cement and what have you
into the air that become radioactive due to the explosion.
This creates Fallout which can spread and be blown by wind for thousands
of miles. And I talk all about fallout actually on Vsauce 3 in a video "Could You Survive Fallout" if you want to learn more specifically about that.
And even though the effects from this debri are greater with a ground burst, the consequences
of fallout from an airburst are still devastating years after the initial detonation.
For example Little Boy was estimated to kill 70,000 to 80,000 people with the initial blast.
But when the bomb was dropped to 5 years later an estimated 120-130,000 more people
were killed due to radiation.
Let's go back to outrider to look at the largest nuclear bomb ever detonated, the Tsar
Bomba, weighing in at 60,000 pounds.
This is the damage caused by the Little Boy if it were a surface blast or a ground burst and this is the
damage that would be caused by the Tsar Bomba.
The simulation estimates it could kill 2.6 million people, about half a million more
than the population of the entire state of New Mexico.
To get a better understanding of the inner workings of atomic bombs let's check out
this simulation on nuclear fission.
Simply put, fission is when a heavy and unstable nucleus is split in two.
It's important to note that in real life creating atomic bombs requires the fissioning
of trillions of atoms.
But this isn't real life and your computer probably can't handle that kind of simulation.
The idea of this is to adjust the factors in such a way that you cause a chain reaction
that will fission all of them.
The red dots represent uranium-235, one of the most common isotopes used in atomic bombs.
When you click a dot it will fission and cause others to do the same.
But with the default settings you won't likely get all of them.
Let's check out some of the factors.
Whether or not you add a neutron reflector can have a big effect.
Now the. neutron reflector directs atoms back to the fissioning core as opposed to letting them escape and
get lost.
A useful feature is the "Show splitting atom animation."
Without it it can be difficult to follow the chain reaction.
It's crazy to think that this reaction is what causes craters like this.
Ground bursts tend to cause deeper and narrower craters than airbursts.
But what about subsurface bursts?
Well depending on the depth of burial they can cause pretty deep craters.
Let's take a look at
Academo.org which shows seven different craters caused by nuclear bombs.
Not all bombs are created to be weapons of war.
In Kazakhstan, Lake Chagan was made as a result of testing out explosives to form an artificial
lakes in 1965.
But it's probably not a good idea to swim in or drink the water from it since it's
radioactive and emits a foul odor still 50 years later . Fish don't live in it and
mammals don't live near it.
And that is only one of 7 craters on this site with information like purpose of detonation,
location, and size.
Some of the biggest craters on Earth weren't even made by atomic bombs or manmade at all.
They were created by things like meteorites or asteroids crashing into Earth.
To simulate this head to
Crater Impact where you can choose the projectile diameter, trajectory angle, velocity, projectile
density and target density.
When you get to the map click on an area for it to strike and you'll see just how big
of an impact it can create.
The largest one is the Vredefort Crater in South Africa.
It struck about 2 billion years ago and released more energy than any man-made bomb ever.
In fact it is thought to be the largest single energy release event on Earth.
It made a crater that was 190 miles across and almost ten miles deep, ten times deeper
than the grand canyon and would take you over 3 days of nonstop walking to cross.
But a really cool feature is that it allows you to compare the depth of the crater to
things like the CN Tower, Empire State Building, or Big Ben.
Wikipedia has a map of the 190 confirmed impact craters.
That show you where on Earth it is, the size, and age.
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